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Active shooter
"Active killer" or "active shooter" names a type of mass murder marked by rapidity, scale, randomness and suicide. The phenomenon is exemplified by the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the 2007 Virginia Tech shooting, the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa, the 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting, and many others.
The United States Department of Homeland Security defines the active shooter as "an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area; in most cases, active shooters use firearm() and there is no pattern or method to their selection of victims."〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕
Most incidents occur at locations in which the killers find little impediment in pressing their attack. Locations are generally described as ''soft targets'', that is, they carry limited security measures to protect members of the public. In most instances, shooters commit suicide, are shot by police, or surrender when confrontation with responding law enforcement becomes unavoidable. According to New York City Police Department (NYPD) statistics, 46percent of active shooter incidents are ended by the application of force by police or security, 40percent end in the shooter's suicide, 14percent of the time the shooter surrenders or, in less than 1percent of cases, the violence ends with the attacker fleeing.〔(【引用サイトリンク】format=PDF )〕
== Terminology ==
The term "active shooter" is problematic in the sense that the phrase is composed of neutral terms and therefore does not provide the kind of differentiation essential to effective description. There are, after all, no "inactive shooters". Shooting someone is, by nature, active whether during a domestic incident, a gang initiation, a drug transaction or a mass murder event. More problematic still is that the term misdescribes the phenomenon, devolving into contradiction. Not all of the assailants in the relevant incidents employ firearms. Events in Belgium (Dendermonde nursery attack), Canada (2014 Calgary stabbing), China (2008 Beijing Drum Tower stabbings), Japan (Osaka School Massacre), and Pennsylvania (Franklin Regional High School) afford bloody illustrations of this fact. Indeed, across the Far East particularly, the phenomenon tends to express itself by way of edged weapon. In short, many "active shooters" are not shooters. Borsch recommends "rapid mass murder". This phrase has the advantage of focusing on the essential activity rather than on the inessential choice of instrument in carrying out the activity, which, as noted, varies. That said, the phrase "active shooter", despite obvious flaws, has proved potently stubborn in its peculiar allure.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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